STALKING-SILENT THREAT: HISTORICAL EXCURSUS AND MODERN SOLUTIONS

UDC: 343.9:343.4

STALKING-SILENT THREAT: HISTORICAL EXCURSUS AND MODERN SOLUTIONS

Sapego Olga Vasilevna

A.Y. Sukharev Moscow Academy of

the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation

Senior Lecturer of the Department of Civil Law Disciplines

of the Faculty of Investigator Training

Email: olgasapego546@gmail.com

Abstract: The article provides a comprehensive analysis of stalking as a socially dangerous phenomenon combining psychological, criminological and legal dimensions. It examines the historical origins of obsessive pursuit, its reflection in literature, and the evolution of criminal law regulation in foreign jurisdictions. Particular attention is paid to the absence of a specific criminal law provision on stalking in the Russian Federation, which significantly limits the protection of victims and the prevention of more serious violent crimes. The author analyses existing civil law remedies and demonstrates their practical ineffectiveness. Modern forms of cyberstalking in the context of digitalisation are explored, along with a psychiatric typology of stalkers. The paper concludes that it is necessary to introduce administrative and criminal liability for stalking, combined with medical and rehabilitative measures.

Keywords: crime, hatred, obsessive attention, stalking, stalker, cyberstalking, personality disorder.

1. Introduction.

The reason for writing the article was the circumstances related to the rejection of draft laws on countering stalking (stalking (obsessive pursuit)) by introducing administrative and then criminal liability for stalking, including a restraining order. In the article, we will consider the origin and development of this stalking, its historical examples and modern manifestations, since it is not only a psychological phenomenon, but also a serious threat to personal security, which requires attention and appropriate measures.

1.1. Materials and methods are represented by an appeal to the modern doctrine of civil, administrative and criminal law, historical events of obsessive persecution, manifestations of stalking in the practice of applying criminal legislation, as well as the complex use of such general scientific methods as dialectics, logic, comparison, comparison, induction, deduction, generalization, division and the following special scientific methods of cognition: comparative-legal, formal-logical, systemic and structural.

1.2. Results of the study. The analysis of the history of stalking, as well as the current legislation from the point of view of the consequences of unlawful stalking (obsessive pursuit), has shown the expediency of criminalizing “stalking”. Namely, the need to apply administrative and criminal legislation, since persecution is supplemented by harassment, the use of violence, as well as other kinds of deviant behavior commission of grave and especially grave crimes. And in this regard, a draft criminal law norm is proposed, providing for responsibility for these actions.

1. Stalking – obsessive attention or pursuit. History and modernity.

At first, just messages. Then there are likes from anonymous accounts. Then there were “chance meetings” near the house. And then there are new pages: gifts at the door, threats: “if you don’t answer, I’ll come”, full awareness of the actions of the object of desire and demonstration of his control.

A person wakes up in anxiety, changes the route, phone number, address. He looks around. Your whole world narrows down to one thought: “just don’t collide.”

This is what stalking is – obsessive attention or stalking. It destroys the sense of security. Gradually. Persistently. Steadily.

And if we turn to the origin of the word stalking, it comes from the English “stalking”, which means “to sneak up” or “secretly pursue”. It entered the Russian language through the story of the brothers Arkady and Boris Strugatsky “Roadside Picnic” (1972), based on which in 1979 the director A. Tarkovsky shot the film “Stalker”, where this was the name of a person who secretly penetrates into a dangerous, anomalous zone for the sake of prey.

The term “stalking”, as indicated in the article by E.G. Starorublenkova and V.L. Samutkin “Stalking: Obsessive Pursuit Syndrome”, was introduced into scientific use in 1921 by the French psychiatrist, Doctor of Medicine Gaëtan Gassian de Clérambault, who described it in the treatise “Love Psychosis”. One of the historical facts cited by de Clérambault is the case of a French noble lady in her fifties who fell in love with King George V of England. The reason for such confidence was the signs allegedly given by him, which, in her opinion, were made by raising and lowering the curtains in the windows of the palace, which the lady interpreted as mysterious messages of love. In order to be closer to her beloved, the lady set up a tent near Buckingham Palace, guarding the king daily at the gates of the palace, thus creating great problems for the French and English police.

Later, the British writer Iain McWewsan first described the case of stalking, having got the idea from de Clérambault. He reflected this idea in the novel “Immortal Love”, in which the main character was pursued by a young man with Clérambault syndrome (erotic delusions are a type of disorder in which a person has an obsessive and unfounded belief that another person has a feeling of love for him).

Stalking as a type of behavior has always existed, and we are certainly not dealing with a new phenomenon, but we are currently seeing a decrease in tolerance for this type of behavior. Examples of stalking can be found in ancient literature: suffice it to recall Hellenistic poetry, for example, the idyll of Theocritus “The Cyclops”, where a rude ogre is depicted as a shepherd, hopelessly in love with the nymph Galatea, whose behavior contains elements of stalking.^[1]

Meanwhile, the theme of stalking is also described in Russian classical literature by the writer A.I. Kuprin. When reading the story “The Garnet Bracelet”, the question arises: is this a story about the great love of a man for a woman or about selfishness and stalking?

And this story was not a creative fiction, but based on a real story. A.I. Kuprin wrote this story in 1910, while living in Odessa, where he often visited the doctor L.Y. Maizels and heard the sad story of the telegraph official P.P. Zhelty, who was hopelessly, touchingly and selflessly in love with the wife of D.N. Lyubimov (who later became the governor of the city of Vilna). And this story is confirmed by the memoirs of Lev Lyubimov in his memoirs “In a Foreign Land”:

“In the period between the first and second marriages, my mother began to receive letters, the author of which, without naming himself and emphasizing that the difference in social status does not allow him to count on reciprocity, declares his love to her. These letters were kept in my family for a long time…

An anonymous lover, as it turned out later, Zhelty (in Kuprin’s story “The Garnet Bracelet” – Zheltkov) wrote that he served at the telegraph office… In one letter, he said that under the guise of a floor polisher, he entered my mother’s apartment, and described the situation. The tone of the messages was sometimes high-minded, sometimes grumpy. Sometimes he was angry with my mother, sometimes he thanked her, although she did not react in any way to his explanations…

At first, these letters amused everyone, but then… My mother stopped reading them, and only my grandmother laughed for a long time, opening another message from a telegraph operator in love in the morning. And then the denouement happened: an anonymous correspondent sent my mother a garnet bracelet. My uncle and father went to Yellow. All this took place not in a Black Sea city, as in Kuprin’s, but in St. Petersburg. But Zhelty, like Zheltkov, really lived on the sixth floor… huddled in a squalid attic. He was caught composing another message. Like Kuprin’s Shein, my father was more silent during the explanation, looking “with bewilderment and greedy, serious curiosity into the face of this strange man.” My father told me that he felt in Zheltoy some kind of mystery, the flame of genuine selfless passion. My uncle, again like Kuprin’s Nikolai Nikolayevich, was hot-tempered, unnecessarily harsh. Yellow accepted the bracelet and sullenly promised not to write to my mother again. And that was the end of it. In any case, we know nothing about his further fate.”^[2]

In his “Garnet Bracelet” A.I. Kuprin describes Zheltkov’s unrequited love in its highest manifestation for Princess Vera Sheina. He has been bombarding her with love letters for 7 years.

Meanwhile, reading this work, we only admired the desperation and power of Zheltkov’s love. However, A.I. Kuprin nevertheless showed how unpleasant these letters were to Vera and asked himself and the reader: “Did Zheltkov really not think about what this threatens his beloved? Didn’t he really think how Vera would explain the appearance of her garnet bracelet? Zheltkov knows that his beloved is married, moreover, Zheltkov’s social position will not allow him to simply approach the princess, let alone talk to her.”

His own desire (to give Vera something important to him) turns out to be more important than possible troubles in Vera’s own life. And this is not love, but the satisfaction of one’s own feelings, needs, a selfish desire to possess an object even against the will of the object itself. After all, Zheltkov has never spoken to the object of his passion. Eight years ago, he had seen her in the circus and was fascinated by her beauty. He did not know Vera as a person, she was only an image in his head. But it is not enough for him to love the image, he begins to seek a living woman.^[3]

Time passes, epochs change, the attitude to love changes, and already in the 21st century, Zheltkov’s love seems not romantic, but obsessive, from which it is not so easy to get rid of.

And in the 20th century, such “obsessive love” led to tragic events with the subsequent criminalization of this act. Because of a number of high-profile cases against Hollywood actresses: the attempted murder of Theresa Saldana (to whom on 15.03.1982 an obsessive admirer Arthur Richard Jackson inflicted 10 knife wounds in the abdomen after watching the film “Disobedience (1980)”); and the murder of Hollywood actress Rebecca Lucille Schaeffer (who was the victim of persecution for three years and then murdered on 18.07.1989 by an unstable admirer Robert John Bardot, who was infuriated by the sex scenes with the participation of the actress, and through a private detective firm he obtained the address of the actress, went to her house, rang the doorbell and shot her when she opened the door. Schaeffer died at the age of 21) there were laws in America, providing for criminal punishment for persecution.

Norms prohibiting persecution and psychological violence against a person are currently contained in the legislation of many countries.^[4]

However, the problem is that it is not always possible to bring the stalker to justice. Unlike many developed countries, stalking is not a criminal offense in Russia. A person can be brought to justice only in those rare cases when he commits some crimes during the persecution. Sometimes it can be:

– threat of murder – Article 119 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation,

– violation of privacy – Article 137 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation,

– violation of the inviolability of the home – Article 139 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation,

– crimes against life and health in the event of the use of violence against the victim of persecution.

And sometimes the most terrible thing happens – the death of a person. Which is what happened on June 07, 2024: motocross coach Dmitry Matveev attacked Anton Yegovtsev, deputy chairman of the Call of the People movement, with a knife at the entrance of a house in Lobnya, Moscow Region, and killed him. This crime was preceded by a conflict between men over Yegovtsev’s wife. Matveev had been in love with her for a long time, pursued the woman for two years. The Yegovtsev spouses have repeatedly appealed to the police with a request to protect them from the persecution of an obsessive admirer of their wife, they changed their place of residence. And on the day of the murder, Yegovtsev and his wife received calls to the duty unit about persecution by Matveev. A criminal case has been initiated against Matveev on the grounds of a crime under Article 105 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (currently suspended in connection with Matveev’s stay in the Special Military Operation Zone (SVO). In connection with the actions of the police, on behalf of the Chairman of the Investigative Committee of Russia A. Bastrykin, a case of negligence was initiated (Article 293 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).^[5]

Stalking is not about courtship and love. Stalking is about control, fear, illness and a threat to safety. This is psychological terror. And the main purpose of persecution is to create the illusion of constant presence in the life of the victim, the desire for control, and as a result, to achieve certain actions.

And do not underestimate the danger of stalking, because stalkers are distinguished by a latent readiness to harm the object of their pursuit.

After all, stalking is not a one-time manifestation of interest, but a systematic and often escalated behavior that violates a person’s personal boundaries and invades his privacy. At the same time, the behavior of the stalker itself may seem “innocent” (in particular, a chance meeting, compliments, gifts). But given the repetition and undesirability, such behavior becomes frightening and traumatic.

But not always a separate crime is committed during the persecution, it is extremely rare to prove it, especially when it comes to former partners. A person is actually left without protection and slowly goes crazy.

Meanwhile, ordinary actions that are not prohibited by criminal law in their entirety become illegal. So, if we consider the actions of a man who has been chasing a girl for several weeks: he follows her, looks through the windows while she is in the gym, talks to her, gives her gifts, and considers these actions separately, then there is nothing criminal in them. However, these actions in their totality are a violation of a person’s personal boundaries and an invasion of his privacy.

And given the ongoing globalization, in the context of dependence on digital technologies and social networks, as the Internet and new media spaces spread, new ways of communication are emerging, which, of course, has moved stalking from offline to online.

Every morning of a modern person begins with immersion in the Internet space. We follow the news happening in the world, as well as famous personalities that arouse our interest. We look through new posts, someone writes comments. Sometimes it is very easy to cross the line and not only look at posts, but also start following a person, looking for additional information on him, personal data, and then start chasing offline, creating inconvenience and discomfort, invading personal space, which forms cyberstalking.

In the modern world, stalking actions are impossible without cyberstalking. In reality, persecution occurs after or simultaneously with the collection of information using digital technologies in the media space. The search for information carries an element of some kind of game, the stalker begins to feel like an “agent 007”, excitement arises, he fixates on the victim, invades his personal life, imposing his constant presence in it, and, as a result, disturbs his mental balance, which leads to the most serious consequences.

So, in one of the cases, the husband, using a special application, gained access to the correspondence, telephone conversations of his wife and later was able to hack her page on the social network “Vkontakte”, on which he distributed her intimate photos. It follows from the verdict of the Gagarinsky District Court of Sevastopol dated 07.08.2019 in case No 1-203\2019 that he followed her by such actions. The man was convicted under Article 137, Article 138, Article 271 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. This is a classic example of cyberstalking, but since there is no responsibility for such acts in Russia, the verdict does not contain a description of the “real persecution” that often accompanies such actions.^[6]

And taking into account the need for legal regulation of stalking and cyberstalking, in October 2023, the deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation V.A. Davankov, S.V. Avksentieva, K.A. Goryacheva submitted to the State Duma for discussion in the draft Federal Law No 452947-8 “On Amendments to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation”. of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation – a provision on the possibility of applying such a method of protection of civil rights as the establishment of a ban on the commission of actions that violate or create a threat of violation of certain rights or encroach or create a threat of encroachment on certain benefits, and paragraph 2 of Article 150 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation – a provision that intangible benefits belonging to a citizen can be protected, in particular, by establishing a ban on certain actions. In addition, to be supplemented with a new Article 14.1, according to which “if there are grounds, the court may establish a ban on approaching and (or) a ban on other contacts of the offender with a citizen.”^[7]

However, by Resolution No 8146-8 of the State Duma dated 03.04.2025, the draft law was rejected with the justification that the projected amendments to Articles 12 and 150 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation essentially duplicate the current provisions of this Code. According to the current provisions of paragraph three of Article 12 and paragraph 2 of Article 150 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the protection of civil rights can be carried out by suppressing actions that violate the right or create a threat of its violation; Intangible benefits belonging to a citizen can be protected by suppressing or prohibiting actions that violate or create a threat of violation of a personal non-property right or encroach or create a threat of encroachment on an intangible benefit. Also, the courts have the right to apply temporary interim measures, including those prohibiting certain actions related to the subject of the dispute (Article 140 of the Civil Procedure Code, Article 91 of the Arbitration Procedure Code).

Meanwhile, in my opinion, the civil remedy against stalking is ineffective based on the following:

The rules of civil procedural law guarantee the interested person the opportunity to apply to the court for the protection of violated or disputed rights, freedoms and legitimate interests (Article 3 of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation). However, such an appeal must comply with Article 131 of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation (“Form and Content of the Statement of Claim”), namely, the statement of claim must contain information about the defendant: for a citizen – last name, first name, patronymic (if any), date and place of birth, place of residence or place of stay, place of work (if known), one of the identifiers (insurance number of an individual personal account, taxpayer identification number, series and number of the document, identification number, the main state registration number of the individual entrepreneur, the series and number of the driver’s license). The provision of such information about the defendant is entrusted to the plaintiff, which in fact is difficult, and sometimes impossible, since it is sometimes impossible for an ordinary person to establish all this data of the stalker for further appeal to the court. At the same time, it should be taken into account that failure to indicate such data, that is, non-compliance with the requirements of Article 131 of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, entails liability under Article 136 of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation – the statement of claim will be left without movement with the provision to the plaintiff of a period during which he will be able to eliminate the circumstances that served as the basis for leaving the claim without action. And if the plaintiff does not eliminate these circumstances (does not indicate all the data about the defendant required in Article 131 of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation), then the statement of claim will be returned on the basis of Article 136, Part 3 of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.

Thus, the plaintiff, not being able to establish the data of the stalker, is actually deprived of the right to apply to the court for the protection of his violated right.

The law provides for an exception for a certain category of cases where the court has the right to accept a claim without information about the defendant. Thus, by virtue of Article 131, Part 2, Clause 3 of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, if the plaintiff in a claim for the recovery of debts for payment for premises, a parking space in an apartment building, utilities, contributions for major repairs of the common property of the owners of premises in an apartment building, energy resources is not aware not only of the above information about the defendant, but also of the surname, name, patronymic (if any) of the defendant, the relevant plaintiff has the right to indicate this in the statement of claim and such information along with the above information about the defendant unknown to the plaintiff shall be provided to the court by the bodies specified in this paragraph, as well as by the organization authorized to provide information from the Unified State Register of Real Estate, in the manner prescribed by federal law.

When a citizen suffering from stalking applies for the protection of his rights, the law does not provide for the possibility of the court assisting in the search for such information about the defendant.

In addition, the duration of the procedure for considering civil cases in court (and here it is necessary to take into account not only the consideration of the case by the court of first instance, but also the appeal and cassation hearing) also provides an opportunity for the stalker to have a serious impact on the victim, to create a direct threat to physical and psychological safety.

Therefore, a civil remedy against stalking cannot serve as an effective and effective tool for protection against stalking. In the context of ineffective protection and suppression of stalking, there are administrative or criminal measures of protection with the active participation of state administrative resources (in particular, the identification of the stalker and the suppression of his actions).

And such an initiative to establish criminal and administrative liability for stalking was undertaken in December 2024 by deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation V.A. Davankov, S.V. Avksentieva, K.A. Goryacheva, who submitted to the State Duma for discussion the draft Federal Law No795873-8 “On Countering Intrusive Stalking”. However, after preliminary consideration, on 16.01.2025, this bill was returned.

Again, on 24.12.2025, the draft Federal Law No 1107423-8 “On Countering Stalking (obsessive pursuit)” was again submitted to the State Duma for discussion.^[8] However, again, after preliminary consideration, on 28.01.2026, this bill was returned.

Thus, this bill provides mechanisms for combating such an offense and enshrines the basic concepts. Thus, according to the bill, stalking (obsessive pursuit) is understood as certain actions that will cause mental suffering and fears for one’s safety (as well as for the safety of one’s loved ones), provided that they continued after the offender was warned about the need to stop doing so.

In particular, such actions include:

– constant deliberate surveillance or waiting for the victim in places of his daily life;

– systematic deliberate attempts to start communication with him/her (including by means of phone calls, messages, postal correspondence, sending gifts, etc.);

– use of the victim’s personal data to order goods, works or services, or to execute correspondence in his name.

Mechanisms for establishing a protection order are provided. Thus, in case of intrusive persecution, the court will be able to decide on the application of such a measure, which serves to restrict access to the victim. The procedure for establishing a warrant is described in this draft.

The following provisions are also provided: the victim can apply to the court for the establishment of a protection order. The court conducts the necessary verification of the circumstances and makes a decision (and if there is sufficient information, it can establish such an order before the application is considered). The decision to establish a warrant comes into force from the date of its adoption and is executed by the authorized bodies. The victim has the right to compensation for moral and material damage. The persecutor is put on a preventive register for the duration of the warrant. Supervision over them is carried out in accordance with the norms of the Administrative Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.

This mechanism implies a ban on the offender from approaching the victim at a certain distance, as well as from visiting places of his daily life and other ways to get in touch with him. At the same time, in case of violation of the protection order, the court is obliged to decide on bringing the guilty person to justice.

It is likely that this bill will be finalized and again sent for discussion to the State Duma, since social relations already exist, and there is no regulatory regulation of stalking yet.

“Life is always ahead of law” is a common legal axiom that means that social relations develop faster than the legislator has time to regulate them.

The topic of stalking has been discussed in society not for years, but for decades. The Internet and artificial intelligence give rise to new forms and opportunities for stalking. And the problem of stalking is already of concern not only to legislators and law enforcement officers, but also to the world medical community, in particular psychiatrists, since stalkers, violating personal boundaries and persecuting, often believe in the reciprocity of feelings. However, such behavior goes beyond the norm and is a borderline mental personality disorder.

According to the Center for Forensic Psychiatry of the American Psychiatric Association for 2001, stalkers are divided into 5 groups (which can be either isolated or combined)

Types of stalkers (by targets):

– “Outcasts” (persecution of employers, former spouses (partners). There is a history of breaking strong symbiotic relationships with mother, friends or loss of stability in working relationships. There are opposing tendencies to re-merge in order to “get everything back” and revenge for the breakup. The feeling of separation is accompanied by powerful frustration, anger, jealousy, and revenge. half of this category had a personality disorder (antisocial HR, narcissistic HR, histrionic HR or a combination thereof) with signs of delusional ideas;

– “requiring close relationships”. This type “demands” a close relationship with his victim, believing that between him and the victim “true” love will make the victim “unique” qualities. In the clinical picture, delusional ideas of erotic content were observed (love is “eternal” and mutual). This group is represented, mainly about 60%), by psychotic stalkers who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia, manic psychosis, delusional disorder with erotomania. The remaining 40% are personality disorders with signs of hypomanicism. Often the ideas of close relationships go hand in hand with the ideas of jealousy and rage caused by rejection on the part of the victim.

– “insolvent”. This is the type of stalker who is critical of the fact that the victim does not reciprocate their claims on them and hope that they will “win” the victim’s trust and reciprocity, which will lead to their intimacy. This group is represented by persons with limited intellectual abilities, unformed flirting and courtship skills. They have a craving for fixation on the victim, but there is no “madness” in this, since there is no certainty in the reciprocity of feelings. Unlike the previous type, they do not idealize the victim and do not endow him with “unique” properties, limiting himself to the potential attractiveness of the victim as a partner;

– “vindictive” (vendetta, revenge, displaced aggression). This type of stalker tracks down their prey with the aim of intimidating and causing suffering. In the clinical picture, there is a feeling of resentment, envy and aggression, which can be directed at a specific goal, but in most cases this is an accidental victim (who has something that the stalker does not have or has lost). For example, a stalker may persecute a doctor whose fault he believes his child died, or persecute a successful manager out of jealousy and resentment that he was fired. This category is also presented to persons with personality pathology;

– “predator (hunter)”. These are the most criminalized stalkers, preparing a crime (planning, thinking about it, fantasizing), capable of kidnapping, stubbornly chasing and mocking the victim. They experience pleasure from inflicting pain and suffering, revel in a sense of omnipotence (God complex). This behavior continues until arrest, since they themselves are unable to inhibit their impulses. In the clinical picture of such persons, pronounced sociopathy (antisocial personality disorder in its extreme form, sometimes bordering on psychotic disorders), hypomanicism, lack of empathy and criticism of one’s behavior, sexual disorders of the perverse spectrum are observed.

Stalkers who are based on psychotic pathology must necessarily receive drug therapy and opportunities (preferably) psychotherapy.

In Russian psychiatry, this issue is also investigated, and in this regard, the opinion of the Russian scientist V.V. Gorinov (Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Psychogeny and Personality Disorders of the Serbsky State Scientific Center for Social and Forensic Psychiatry), who in the article “Hate crimes and crimes of “stalkers” (psychological and psychiatric aspect)” indicated that “stalkers” are an atypical group of criminals: They are young, often use psychoactive substances, in childhood they had a behavior disorder with a tendency to disturb public order. Compared to psychiatric patients, “stalkers” are twice as likely to have a history of violent convictions and are more likely to have substance abuse disorders. The life history of “stalkers” is the life story of both a criminal and a mentally ill person. To some extent, this refers to the peculiarities of their behavior and psychopathology.

Researchers (4,5,7) believe that appropriate legal sanctions combined with treatment are effective ways to stop persecution. Most outcast “stalkers” refrain from persecution under threat of persecution, and appropriate supportive and directive therapeutic relationships, usually with psychiatric professionals, can be helpful. “Stalkers” who demand intimacy always need psychiatric intervention.^[9]

In the context of the attempts to criminalize stalking, the repeated discussion by the State Duma of bills on this issue, it is still necessary to pay closer attention to the legislator and amend the current criminal and administrative legislation in order to suppress stalking. At the same time, taking into account the possibility of receiving drug therapy or psychotherapy when brought to justice.

1. Conclusion

In our opinion, the problem of stalking requires special attention from the state and society. And despite the existence of civil law norms designed to protect citizens from persecution, practice shows that such measures are not always effective.

And in this regard, radical measures should be taken to eradicate stalking, including by establishing criminal and administrative liability for such acts. Separate the corpus delicti or offense and include it in the appropriate code and provide for the possibility of receiving drug therapy or psychotherapy when brought to justice.

References

1. Strugatsky, A., Strugatsky, B. (1972). Roadside picnic. Moscow: Eksmo.
2. L.D. Lyubimov. “In a Foreign Land” Tashkent. Uzbekistan Publishing House, 1979.
3. Starorublenkova, E.G., Samutkin, V.L. (g.g.). Stalking: obsessive pursuit syndrome. Electronic Scientific Library “CyberLeninka”. – https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/stalking-sindrom-navyazchivogo-presledovaniya
4. Gasyana de Clérambault, G. (1921). Love psychosis. Paris.
5. Voronov, A. (2020). Modern forms of stalking and methods of counteraction. Moscow: Nauka.
6. Law of the Russian Federation “On Responsibility for Persecution” (latest edition). // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation.

https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_381390/

1. E.G. Starorublenkova., Samutkin V.L. Stalking Obsessive Pursuit Syndrome Electronic Scientific Library “CyberLeninka”. – https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/stalking-sindrom-navyazchivogo-presledovaniya ↑
2. L.D. Lyubimov. “In a Foreign Land” Tashkent. Uzbekistan Publishing House, 1979. ↑
3. A.I.Kuprin. The Story “The Garnet Bracelet” Collected Works, vol.4, State Publishing House of Fiction. Moscow-1958 ↑
4. USA – Code of Laws of the United States of America. Title 18 § 2261A, 18 U.S.C., § 2261A (2) (B), 18 U.S.C., § 2261A (2) (A); Poland – Kodeks karny, Ustawa z dnia 6 czerwca 1997 r., Art. 190a; Canada – Criminal Code of Canada, R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46, Section 264; Germany – Strafgesetzbuch in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 13. November 1998 (BGBl. I. S. 3322). § 238 etc. ↑
5. Electronic resource: GazetaRu https:\\ www. gazetaru social 2024\06\07 ↑
6. Verdict of the Gagarinsky District Court of Sevastopol dated 07.08.2019 in case No 1-203\2019. ↑
7. Draft Law FZ No 452947-8 “On Amendments to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation”. https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/452947-8 ↑
8. Draft Law FZ No 1107423-8 “On Countering Stalking (obsessive pursuit)” https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/1107423-8 ↑
9. V.V. Gorinov., Russian Psychiatric Journal No4, 2010 Article “Hate crimes” and crimes of “stalkers” ↑